Uso profiláctico de antimicrobianos fuera de la práctica quirúrgica y de procedimientos invasivos: bases conceptuales y operativas

El uso preventivo de antimicrobianos es de larga data y no se restringe a antibacterianos. Lo más consensuado y estructurado es la profilaxis antimicrobiana perioperatoria y ante procedimientos invasivos. Fuera de este contexto hay gran cantidad de situaciones, menos caracterizadas, con riesgo de infecciones en que se usan ampliamente, muchas veces con menor sistematización. Esta presentación presenta las bases conceptuales y operativas de este segundo tipo de profilaxis. Conceptualmente la profilaxis primaria pretende evitar la infección por agente único conocido o variados, por exposición ambiental o susceptibilidad específica de ese hospedero y es implementable antes o después de la exposición. Producida esta infección la meta de la profilaxis secundaria intenta evitar la enfermedad y puede tomar dos modalidades, en infecciones sin evidencias de enfermedad clínica o daños, la profilaxis corresponde a "tratamiento de infección latente" y, si aún en ausencia de manifestaciones clínicas, hay elementos de laboratorio precoces premonitorios de progresión, la profilaxis se denomina "tratamiento anticipatorio". Se presentan operacionalmente y resumidas las situaciones en contexto médico no invasivo con uso potencial preventivo de antimicrobianos en base a agentes posibles, situaciones ambientales de riesgo, vulnerabilidad del hospedero, medicamentos a usar, su duración y efectividad con enfoque mayoritario en medicina de adultos.

Antimicrobial use with preventive purpose probably began shortly after its therapeutic use, especially antibiotics. More consensus and sistematization exist with perioperative and invasive procedures prophylaxis. However, beyond that context, there is great number of non invasive medical situations with high risk of secondary infections either by acquisition of pathogens or activation of latent ones, in which antimicrobials are routinely used with preventive purpose, albeit with less sistematization and consensus. This presentation aims to lay down the conceptual and operational basis for antimicrobial prophylaxis in these settings, whose objective is preventing an infection (primary prophylaxis) by a known or a variety of pathogens, either by person to person transmission, enviromental exposure or particular susceptibility of the host, and can be implemented before or after exposure. If already infected, the antimicrobial prophylaxis goal is to avoid progression to disease (secondary prevention) and may take two conceptual approaches; first, without clinical disease but significant risk of progression, the modality can be called "treatment of latent infection". In the second, also clinically asymptomatic, but with premonitory laboratoy signs of impending progression present, early use of antimicrobial is called "preemptive treatment". This presentation will describe the most frequent medical situations where preventive use of antimicrobials is employed, together with the medications most consensually used, according to the host, the agent(s) and medical situation, with emphasis in adults.

Clinical-epidemiological characterization of women who received post-exposure HIV prophylaxis in a public hospital in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul / Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica de mulheres que receberam a profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV em um hospital público de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

Introduction: Prevention strategies are key to combating the epidemic of infections such as HIV and syphilis. The epidemiological scenario of Porto Alegre/RS for these infections shows the need for greater efforts in the area of prevention, seeking to characterize both the population that uses these strategies and the services involved in the care of exposed people. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients who received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to HIV treated in a public hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. Methods: This is a retrospective, research, descriptive study based on the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for PEP, updated in 2018 by the Ministry of Health. Prophylaxis request forms and medical records of patients treated were analyzed. Results: The population consisted of 87 women who received PEP from January to September 2019. There was a predominance of women aged between 20 and 29 years old (55.2%). The most frequent sexual exposure was consensual (69.0%) followed by sexual assault (31.0%). Porto Alegre was the place of residence of most patients (73.6%). The most frequently used therapeutic regimen was the combination of atazanavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir plus lamivudine. On the first visit, 8.0% of the patients showed reactive results for the treponemal syphilis test. Only 23.0% and 14.9% of patients returned for anti-HIV tests in the first and third months after exposure, respectively, and the results were non-reactive. Only 19 patients (21.8%) attended the consultations between 0 and 28 days after PEP. Conclusion: It was identified that a considerable percentage of women already had reactive serology for syphilis, most women did not return for follow-up within 28 and 90 days after the first consultation, more than half of the women were aged between 20 and 29 years old, and the most frequent sexual exposure was consensual. In this sense, efforts are needed, such as adequate counseling, adoption of interventions such as sending messages by cell phone, telephone calls, and preparation of educational materials, seeking to improve adherence to treatment and follow-up in the service, which is important given the scenario of epidemiology in Porto Alegre.Keywords: HIV. Sexually transmitted diseases. Post-exposure prophylaxis. Disease prevention

Introdução: Estratégias de prevenção são fundamentais para o combate à epidemia de infecções como o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e sífilis. O cenário epidemiológico de Porto Alegre/RS para essas infecções mostra a necessidade de maiores esforços na área de prevenção, buscando caracterizar tanto a população que utiliza essas estratégias quanto os serviços envolvidos no atendimento das pessoas expostas. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico das pacientes que receberam a profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) ao HIV atendidas em um hospital público de Porto Alegre/RS. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, documental, descritivo e baseado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para PEP, atualizado em 2021 pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram analisados os formulários de solicitação da profilaxia e prontuários das pacientes atendidas. Resultados: A população foi composta de 87 mulheres que receberam a PEP no período de janeiro a setembro de 2019. Predominaram mulheres com idades entre 20 e 29 anos (55,2%). A exposição sexual mais frequente foi a consentida (69,0%), seguida pela violência sexual (31,0%). Porto Alegre foi o local de residência da maioria das pacientes (73,6%). O esquema terapêutico utilizado com maior frequência foi a combinação com atazanavir, ritonavir e tenofovir associado à lamivudina. No primeiro atendimento, 8,0% das pacientes demonstraram resultados reagentes para o teste treponêmico de sífilis. Retornaram para a realização dos testes anti-HIV no primeiro e terceiro mês após a exposição apenas 23,0 e 14,9% das pacientes, respectivamente, e os resultados foram não reagentes. Apenas 19 delas (21,8%) compareceram às consultas entre zero e 28 dias posteriores à PEP. Conclusão: Foi identificado que um percentual considerável de mulheres já apresentava sorologia reagente para sífilis, a maioria das mulheres não retornou para o seguimento no período de 28 e 90 dias após o primeiro atendimento, mais da metade delas tinha idade entre 20 e 29 anos e a exposição sexual mais frequente foi a consentida. Nesse sentido, são necessários esforços como aconselhamento adequado, adoção de intervenções como o envio de mensagens pelo celular, ligações telefônicas e elaboração de materiais educativos, buscando a melhoria da adesão ao tratamento e do acompanhamento no serviço, o que é importante diante do cenário epidemiológico de Porto Alegre.Palavras-chave: HIV. Infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Profilaxia pós-exposição. Prevenção

Knowledge on post-exposure prophylaxis, sexual behavior, and vulnerabilities to HIV and other STIs among young adults in Brazil

Introduction: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the use of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after potential risk exposure. ARV-based interventions are recommended as part of combination HIV prevention, especially for key populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure knowledge about PEP among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on university students from the Health, Education, Exact, and Human Sciences Departments of the State University of Bahia, Brazil. Sociodemographic data, information on sexual behavior, and knowledge of PEP were collected through a standardized self-applied questionnaire. Results: We analyzed 1580 questionnaires, of which 66.7% (1024/1536) were from females, with a mean age of 23.9 (±6.5) years, and 35.4% (448/1264) reported irregular use of condoms and regular use was not associated with being students from the health area (p=0.44, OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.69­1.17). Regarding PEP, 28.5% (449/1578) had known about it and their knowledge was statistically associated with men who have sex with men (MSM) (p<0.01, OR 3.92, 95%CI 2.45­6.28). It was noted that 94.0% (1485/1579) did not know the time limit for starting PEP, 95.1% (1500/1578) did not know the duration of prophylaxis, and 91.1% (1437/1577) did not know where to get PEP. Finally, 0.4% (7/1578) referred to previous use and 96.6% (1488/1540) would not change their sexual behavior after knowing about PEP. Conclusion: PEP is a prevention strategy available for decades and is safe, effective, and cost-effective. However, it is underutilized and a lack of knowledge on PEP is one of the main obstacles to access. Among university students, there is a limited knowledge about PEP acting as a barrier in preventing new infections, which shows the need for interventions based on sexual-health education, stimulating the reduction of risk behaviors and disseminating information about combination prevention.

Introdução: A Profilaxia Pós-Exposição (PEP) é o uso de medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para reduzir o risco de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) após uma potencial exposição. Intervenções baseadas em ARV são recomendadas como parte da prevenção combinada do HIV, especialmente para populações-chave. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o conhecimento sobre PEP entre estudantes universitários. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre universitários dos Departamentos de Saúde, Educação, Ciências Exatas e Humanas da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre comportamento sexual e conhecimento sobre PEP foram coletados por meio de um questionário autoaplicável padronizado. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.580 questionários, 66,7% (1024/1536) do sexo feminino, idade média de 23,9 (±6,5) anos, 35,4% (448/1264) relatam uso irregular de preservativo, e o uso regular não foi associado ao fato de ser estudante da área da saúde (p=0,44, OR 0,90, IC95% 0,69-1,17). Em relação à PEP, 28,5% (449/1578) já tinham ouvido falar, e seu conhecimento foi estatisticamente associado a homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) (p<0,01, OR 3,92, IC95% 2,45­6,28). Destaca-se que 94,0% (1485/1579) não sabiam o tempo limite para iniciar o PEP, 95,1% (1500/1578) não sabiam o tempo de duração da profilaxia e 91,1% (1437/1577) não sabiam onde conseguir o PEP. Por fim, 0,4% (7/1578) referiu uso anterior e 96,6% (1488/1540) não mudaria seu comportamento sexual após saber da PEP. Conclusão: A PEP é uma estratégia de prevenção disponível há décadas, segura, eficaz e de baixo custo, porém, é subutilizada e seu desconhecimento é um dos principais obstáculos ao acesso. Há um conhecimento limitado sobre PEP entre universitários, destacando-se como uma barreira na prevenção de novas infecções, o que evidencia a necessidade de intervenções baseadas na educação em saúde sexual, estimulando a redução de comportamentos de risco e disseminando informações sobre prevenção combinada.

Profile of human anti-rabies care and post-exposure prophylaxis in the state of São Paulo

ABSTRACT Background: Rabies is an anthropozoonosis that greatly impacts public health and is transmitted by infected mammals. Aggression by animals is notifiable and may result in anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This study aimed to characterize anti-rabies PEP notifications in São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using data provided by the SINAN between 2013 and 2017. Results: A total of 572,889 aggressions were recorded during the study period, characterized mostly by dogs (83.5%), single wounds (56.9%), superficial wounds (58.6%), and hands/feet (34.6%). Conclusions: Animal observation was the most frequent recommendation, even in cases of attacks from non-domestic animals.

Factors associated with delayed rabies post-exposure prophylaxis among dog bite victims in Nyagatare District, Rwanda, 2017 to 2019

Background Rabies is an incurable zoonotic disease of public health concern. After exposure the only effective intervention is Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). Surveillance data in Rwanda shows that a high number of dog bites do not get PEP in time. Objectives Determine factors associated with delays in post-exposure prophylaxis among victims of dog bites. Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Nyagatare District. It targeted people bitten by dogs and who attended Nyagatare district from January 2017 to December 2019. Review of registers and interview with victims were used to collected data using excel and analyze them using STATA version 15. Odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results Among 412 dog bite victims, 161 (39%) delayed getting PEP. The more likely to delay in getting PEP, were people living in rural areas, AOR = 3.54, 95%CI [2.12, 5.90], and those without medical insurance, AOR = 4.40, 95%CI [1.82-10.62]. Conclusion Seeking PEP among dog bites victims is subject to delay in Nyagatare district. Local leaders should establish initiatives to support people to get medical insurance while public health officers need to prioritize sensitization for PEP for people living in rural areas.

Research progress in HIV non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in China / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: In recent years, the HIV prevention intervention strategy has had a positive effect on reducing the HIV infection prevalence in China. HIV non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) has become an effective measure to prevent HIV for men who have sex with men (MSM) exposed to possible risks. From the perspective of the "knowledge, attitude, and practice" theory, domestic and overseas scholars used outpatient data and questionnaires to investigate the awareness, attitude, usage, medication, follow-up, and drug prescription of HIV nPEP among MSM in China. This article reviewed the above-mentioned and found that the overall awareness rate of HIV nPEP among MSM in China is high with a positive attitude, but the actual utilization rate is very low. On a regional level, their follow-up after the medication is not ideal despite good medication. Drug prescription varies between different regions domestically. The prescription rate of tenofovir + emtricitabine + raltegravir is the highest, followed by the prescription rate of tenofovir + emtricitabine + dolutegravir, and tenofovir + lamivudine + dolutegravir. In the future, researchers should expand the number of study objects and the scope of the research sites in China, analyze the "knowledge, attitude, and practice" of HIV nPEP, medication follow-up, and medication prescription among MSM, and increase the research on HIV nPEP service areas to provide the reference for further formulating and refining the comprehensive HIV prevention intervention strategy among MSM in China.

Demand and influencing factors of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis for AIDS among men who have sex with men in Wuhan / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To investigate the drug demand and related influencing factors of AIDS non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Wuhan, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of subsequent intervention policies for MSM. Methods　With the assistance of social organizations in Wuhan, MSM was recruited by the snowball method to carry out an online questionnaire survey to collect information on demographics, AIDS-related knowledge, high-risk behaviors, and the need for nPEP medication. The χ2 test and unconditional Logistic regression were used to analyze the related factors of the demand for nPEP medication. Results　A total of 308 valid subjects were included in this study, with predominantly 18-29 years old (78.57%, 242/308). The self-reported sexual orientation was mainly homosexuality (82.47%, 254/308), and the awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was high (89.29%, 275/308). Among the survey respondents, 35.06% (108/308) did not know the situation of HIV infection among MSM population in Wuhan; 55.19% (170/308) had two or more same-sex sexual partners in the last six months; 90.91% (280/308) had heard of nPEP before participating in this survey. After passing nPEP and informing the protective effect of nPEP, 59.42% (183/308) of them needed nPEP. After HIV exposure, 73.38% (226/308) were willing to spend money to buy nPEP drugs, and 88.64% (273/308) were willing to take nPEP drugs because of the known side effects. Logistic regression analysis showed that in the last six months, the needs for taking nPEP medication in those who had 2 or more same-sex sexual partners (OR=2.121, 95%CI: 1.329-3.386) and who had received peer education (OR=1.740, 95%CI: 1.088-2.781) were higher than those of those who had a same-sex sexual partner in the last six months and who had not received peer education. Conclusions　The MSM population in Wuhan has a great demand for nPEP drugs, and peer education is an important way to carry out nPEP publicity and promotion. At the same time, we should continue to strengthen warning publicity and education and behavioral intervention to reduce MSM risky sexual behaviors and reduce new HIV infections.

Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários da profilaxia pós-exposição ao vírus da imunodeficência humana / Epidemiological profile of users of post-exposure prophylaxis to human immunodeficiency viruses / Perfil epidemiológico de usuarios de profilaxis post- exposición al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana

A Profilaxia Pós-Exposição (PEP) ao Virus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) trata-se de uma urgência médica que deve ser realizada durante 28 dias com medicamentos específicos em indivíduos que tiveram uma exposição com materiais biológicos e situações específicas considerados de risco no intervalo de até 72 horas em indivíduos não reagentes ao vírus do HIV. Objetivo: descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos usuários da PEP no município de Parnaíba, Piauí. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa dos casos de pessoas residentes em Parnaíba, que utilizaram a PEP no período do estudo de 2017 a 2021 analisados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Foram registrados 202 pacientes que utilizaram a PEP. Dentre estes a maioria foram homens cis com 129 (64%), na faixa etária de 30 a 59 anos foi de (49%) nos casos, a orientação sexual de héteros com (44%), a maioria dos pacientes possuíam o ensino médio (62%), a raça/cor foi maior em pardos (52%). O tipo de exposição mais ocorrente foi sexo consentido (79%), realizaram o tratamento sem intercorrência (84%) dos casos, 62% utilizaram álcool e/ou outras drogas e maioria dos pacientes (57%) referiam não conhecer a situação sorológica dos seus parceiros sexuais. Conclusão: A PEP tem sido uma das formas de prevenção combinada que minimiza as possibilidades de infecção pelo HIV. Percebeu-se que o aumento da população adulta-jovem tem buscado a prevenção, possivelmente devido as práticas consideradas de risco que apresentam maior ocorrência entre os casos.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a medical emergency that must be performed for 28 days with specific medications in individuals who have been exposed to biological materials and specific situations considered at risk in the interval up to 72 hours in HIV-negative individuals. Objective: to describe the epidemiological profile of PEP users in the city of Parnaíba, Piauí. Methodology: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach to the cases of people residing in Parnaíba, who used the PEP in the study period from 2017 to 2021, analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 202 patients who used PEP were registered. Among these, the majority were cis men with 129 (64%), in the age group of 30 to 59 years old (49%) in cases, the sexual orientation of heterosexuals with (44%), most patients had high school (62%), race/color was higher in pardos (52%). The most frequent type of exposure was consensual sex (79%), underwent treatment without intercurrence (84%) of cases, 62% used alcohol and/or other drugs and most patients (57%) reported not knowing the serological status of the their sexual partners. Conclusion: PEP has been one of the forms of combined prevention that minimizes the possibilities of HIV infection. It was noticed that the increase in the young adult population has sought prevention, possibly due to practices considered to be risky, with a higher occurrence among cases.

La Profilaxis Post-Exposición (PEP) al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) es una emergencia médica que debe realizarse durante 28 días con medicamentos específicos en individuos que han estado expuestos a materiales biológicos y situaciones específicas consideradas de riesgo en el intervalo hasta 72 horas en personas VIH negativas. Objetivo: describir el perfil epidemiológico de los usuarios de PEP en la ciudad de Parnaíba, Piauí. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal retrospectivo con abordaje cuantitativo de los casos de personas residentes en Parnaíba, que utilizaron el PEP en el período de estudio de 2017 a 2021, analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se registraron 202 pacientes que usaron PEP. Entre estos, la mayoría eran hombres cis con 129 (64%), en el grupo de edad de 30 a 59 años (49%) en los casos, la orientación sexual de los heterosexuales con (44%), la mayoría de los pacientes tenían estudios secundarios (62 %), raza/color fue mayor en pardos (52%). El tipo de exposición más frecuente fue sexo consentido (79%), realizó tratamiento sin intercurrencia (84%) de los casos, 62% consumía alcohol y/u otras drogas y la mayoría de los pacientes (57%) refirieron no conocer el estado serológico de sus pacientes. parejas sexuales. Conclusión: La PEP ha sido una de las formas de prevención combinada que minimiza las posibilidades de infección por el VIH. Se percibió que el aumento de la población adulta joven ha buscado la prevención, posiblemente por prácticas consideradas de riesgo, con mayor ocurrencia entre los casos.

Economic burden, knowledge, and practice related to prevention of rabies: A cross-sectional study among animal bite victims attending Rabies Immunization Clinic, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

Background: Rabies is a fatal but preventable zoonotic disease and prevention of rabies following exposure is largely dependent on proper wound care and timely initiation and completion of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which again dependent on awareness of general population regarding prevention of rabies and economic burden related to PEP. Aims and Objectives: With this background, the present study was carried out to estimate the economic burden, knowledge, and practice regarding prevention of rabies and to determine predictor of practices. Materials and Methods: Facility-based, observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Rabies Immunization Clinic, Medical College, Kolkata, among 110 animal bite victims (>18 year age) who are attending for PEP during study period (January 2022 to June 2022). Results: About 48.2% study participants had poor knowledge score related to prevention of rabies. Although direct economic burden for all participants was nil, 53.6% participants faced heavy indirect economic burden. Only 62.7% study participants cleaned wound properly following exposure. About 73.6% of study participants had history of timely initiation as well as completion of PEP with regularity. Proper wound care following exposure was mainly determined by awareness level of study participants regarding prevention of rabies, whereas timely initiation as well as completing PEP with regularity was mainly predicted by economic burden incurred by the participants. Conclusion: For achieving zero human deaths due to dog-mediated Rabies by 2030, more emphasis to be given on awareness generation among general population and combating economic burden related to PEP.

The Lived-In Experience and Psychological Recount of Dog Bite VictimsVisiting the Anti-Rabies Clinic in Kashmir: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: There is a necessitated need for canvassing and prioritizing measures towards rabies elimination beyond existing statuesque post-exposure prophylaxis. Moreover, there is a need to characterize the psychological and intrusive experiences of dog-bite victims to portray a picture beyond the public health perspective. To get an expressive understanding of the psychological and lived-in experience ofObjective: dog bite victims' to complement existing concepts. The study was conducted at the anti-rabiesMethod: clinic(ARC) of SMHS hospital which receives animal bite cases from the whole of Kashmir valley. Participants were selected by purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria, and data saturation was reached with eleven participant interviews. One to one in-depth interviews were conducted with eleven (11) dog bite victims, using a preformed interview guide. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method to describe the individualistic experiences faced in peculiar conditions with familiar phenomena embedded in them. Data analysis yielded three overarching themes and nine subthemes viz:-Results: 1.Spiritual and emotional ineffectualness. (Suffering and affliction, Spiritual sulkiness, Emotional emergence) 2. Flashbacks of being hindered and defenseless. (Lack of focus in one's work, lacking the courage to protect, Being shaky) 3. Social and economical implications. (Financial loss, group and peer detachment, preferring isolation) The results of this study showed that dog bite patients experience an unpleasantConclusion: phenomenon in the face of being bitten by the dogs and are subjected to severe psychological pressures that require attention and support of medical professionals, psychologists and government authorities.

NEEDLE STICK INJURY AND POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS FOR HIV AND HBV – A KAP STUDY AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS

Needle stick injuries (NSI) are occupational injuries in Health Care Workers (HCWs) on using sharps. Though there are more than 20 pathogens transmitted through NSI, human immune de?ciency virus (HIV), hepatitis B & C virus (HBV&HCV)[1] are of signi?cance due to grave complications and minimum available preventive measures. According to WHO, nearly 40% of HBV and 2.5% of HIV infections among HCWs is attributed to NSI[2]. The occurrence of NSI can be reduced if Standard Work Precautions are strictly adhered by all HCWs at all times and also by taking Post Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV & HBV within the golden period of 2 hour. This study is done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of HCWs of various categories on NSI and PEP. A Self structured questionnaire was administered to the study population (n=307) including Post graduates, Interns, Staff nurses, Nursing students , Lab technicians, Lab technical students. There was 10 questions under three sections.1) KNOWLEDGE 2) ATTITUDE 3) PRACTICE . This study revealed that knowledge regarding transmission of all three viruses (HIV,HBV,HCV) was less among paramedics compared to medicos, but the practice of HBV vaccination is the same. 53.1% of HCWs had NSI in our study. Majority incurred NSI during recapping needles. Attitude of HCW after being exposed to report NSI is very low (30.7%). Though 37.5% of the respondents not aware of golden hour of PEP, most of them aware of initiating PEP within 72 hours of exposure . Applying disinfectants/pressure over exposed area (38.9%) & recapping (31.6%) is still prevalent among study population. And 20 % of the HCWs were not vaccinated against Hepatitis B yet.

A Study of Adverse Effects Following Administration of Anti-Rabies Vaccination - A Hospital Based Study

Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects all warm-blooded animals including mammals and occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. Although rabies is a 100% fatal disease, it can be pre-vented by the use of potent anti-rabies vaccines (ARV). The present study was a hospital based descrip-tive longitudinal study conducted during February 2019 to July 2020 amongst the animal bite patients attending the Anti -Rabies clinic (ARC) of Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital (VMMC & SJH), New Delhi, to study the adverse events (vaccine reactions) if any following administra-tion of the ARV. The age of the study participants ranged from 2 to 65 years and the mean age was (29.315.2) years. No severe or serious adverse events were reported. Of the minor reactions, the most commonly reported symptom was pain at the injection site (34; 9.4%) followed by occurrence of tingling sensation (29; 8.1%), headache (22; 6.1%) and itching at the injection site (19; 5.3%). These findings corroborate with those found in previous studies in the literature. It was concluded that although there are possible local or mild or systemic adverse reactions to rabies vaccination, but once initiated, rabies prophylaxis should not be interrupted or discontinued.

Determinants of delay in initiation of post exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases attending a rural tertiary care hospital of Haryana

Introduction : Rabies is a fatal but vaccine-preventable viral disease. Animal bite victims who report in primary and secondary level health care lack some measures which can help in protecting and preventing deaths due to rabies. The most important factor for prevention of death due to rabies is the timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among animal bite victims. Therefore, in addition to an understanding of the epidemiological distribution of animal bites, it is necessary to explore the factors leading to delay in PEP initiation. Objective: To determine the determinants of delay in initiation of post exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases attending anti-rabies clinic of a ruraltertiary care hospital in Sonepat, Haryana. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at an Immunization-cum-antirabies clinic of Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical Collegefor Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana. A pre tested, structured questionnaire was used to collect information among 410 participants after taking consent. The Institutional Ethics Committee of institute approved the study. The groups were compared with Chi-square test for categorical data. Results: Delay was present among 27.3% of participants. Significant factors of delay were no local wound treatment, any treatment taken prior to anti-rabies vaccine administration, rabies clinic closed on holidays, unawareness about PEP, non-availability of accompaniment, transportation issues and money problem for transportation. Knowledge also played significant role as delay was significantly more among the participants not having knowledge regarding source of infection, mode of transmission and incubation period of rabies. Conclusions: Delay ininitiation of PEP was common and were significantly associated with lack of knowledge and unawareness, closure of rabies clinic on Sundays/holidays, non-availability of accompaniment and money problem during transportation

A retrospective review of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis queries, South Africa, 2016­2019

Background: The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICDs) of South Africa (SA) provides technical support to healthcare workers (HCWs) with regard to infectious diseases through the NICD clinician hotline. Queries to the hotline are often about rabies prophylaxis. An analysis of these queries may help to identify knowledge gaps amongst HCWs regarding prevention of rabies in humans in SA. Methods: A retrospective descriptive review was conducted to analyse rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) queries received by the NICD from 01 January 2016 to 31 December 2019. Results: A total of 4655 queries were received by the NICD clinician hotline for the study period, of which 2461 pertained to rabies PEP (52.87%). The largest number of calls were placedby HCWs (n = 2313/2437; 94.9%). Queries originated mainly from Gauteng (n = 912/2443; 37.3%) and KwaZulu-Natal (n = 875/2443; 35.8%) provinces. A total of 50 different types of animals were related to exposures involving humans. Dogs (67.7%) and cats (11.8%) were the animals most frequently reported and exposure category III was most common (88.6%). Approximately equal numbers of callers were advised active management of administering rabies PEP and conservative management of withholding PEP. This did not seem to be affected by the exposure category related to the call. Conclusion: This analysis shows the ongoing demand by HCWs for technical support regarding patient management following potential exposure to rabies. Gaps in HCWs rabies knowledge provide unique learning points on guiding training to achieve the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.

Willingness to use and uptake of non⁃occupational post-exposure prophylaxis （nPEP） among men who have sex with men （MSM） in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To evaluate nPEP willingness and uptake among MSM in Shanghai. Methods MSM were recruited through a NGO-based HIV voluntary counseling testing clinic and several virtual communities using snowball sampling. Results A total of 606 MSM were successfully recruited in which 82.8% （502/606） had heard of nPEP and 81.2% （492/606） were willing to use nPEP. MSM who had been diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases （STD） were more likely to hold willingness in using nPEP. High cost was the most common reason for being unwilling to use nPEP. 9.9% （60/606） had used nPEP in which 51.7% （31/60） had used twice or more， and 50%（30/60） had missed medication in the last nPEP. MSM who were heterosexual or with other sex orientations except for being bisexuality （OR=2.943， 95%CI： 1.057‒8.191）， being receptor in anal intercourse （OR=3.361， 95%CI： 1.552‒7.282）， having 2 or more sexual partners in the last 30 days （OR=2.242， 95%CI： 1.225‒4.105）， having been diagnosed with STI （OR=2.317， 95%CI： 1.223‒4.389）， and using drugs （OR=2.177，95%CI： 1.052‒4.503） were more likely to use nPEP. Conclusion MSM in Shanghai have a relatively high willingness to use and uptake of nPEP. Comprehensive strategies need to be developed on improving adherence and reducing HIV-risk behaviors.

Profilaxia Pós-Exposição sexual no Sistema Único de Saúde: cuidados possíveis na prevenção do HIV / Post-sexual Exposure Prophylaxis in the Unified Health System: possible cares in HIV prevention

RESUMO Este artigo discute os modos de aplicação da Profilaxia Pós-Exposição sexual (PEP sexual) ao HIV em um serviço público de saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados resultam de um estudo de caso e foram produzidos a partir de entrevistas com usuários da PEP sexual e profissionais responsáveis por esse atendimento. Referenciais teóricos sobre integralidade foram utilizados como parâmetros para análise. Ainda que os resultados tenham apontado práticas pautadas em uma relação dialógica que favorecem um cuidado singularizado, predominaram práticas médico e procedimento centradas atravessadas por padrões morais discriminatórios. Desafios ainda precisam ser enfrentados para que o direito de as pessoas conhecerem e se beneficiarem das medidas preventivas, a partir de escolhas esclarecidas e de acordo com suas necessidades, possa ser assegurado. Investimentos em uma formação profissional, que produza reflexões e interrogações sobre as práticas de saúde e organização dos serviços, podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de ações orientadas pelos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde - permitindo que o atendimento para PEP sexual possa constituir-se como um dispositivo de cuidado para prevenção do HIV.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the forms of application of sexual Post-Exposure Prophylaxis to HIV in a public health service in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Data result from a case study and were produced from interviews with users of the prophylaxis and professionals responsible for such care. Theoretical references on integrality were used as parameters for analysis. Although the results have shown practices centered in a dialogical relationship that favored a singularized care, medical and procedure centered practices crossed by discriminatory moral standards prevailed. Hurdles still need to be overcome so that the people's right to know and benefit from the preventive interventions, based on informed choices and according to their needs, can be assured. Investments in a professional training, that provoke reflections and questions about health practices and organization of services, can contribute to the development of health actions guided by the Unified Health System (SUS) principles - allowing that the assistance for people who search for the sexual PEP can become a care device for HIV prevention.

'Se beber, não transe': interrogando os discursos na oferta da Profilaxia Pós-Exposição (PEP) / 'If you drink, do not have sex': questioning the discourses in the offer of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

RESUMO A Profilaxia Pós-Exposição (PEP) para o HIV constitui-se como uma tecnologia biomédica, ofertada em casos de violência sexual e acidente ocupacional desde o início dos anos 2000, tendo sua oferta ampliada para as situações de relações sexuais consentidas após 2010. Apesar de classificada como biomédica, sua oferta e sua execução são mediadas por tecnologias relacionais, perpassadas por sentidos socialmente construídos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo interrogar os discursos produzidos acerca da oferta da PEP sexual entre trabalhadoras de saúde. A pesquisa possui inspiração na perspectiva genealógica de Michel Foucault, com base na necessidade de problematizar as relações de poder a partir dos discursos e conhecimentos dos profissionais de saúde que atuam com a efetivação da PEP sexual em um município de médio porte da região central do Paraná. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas com gestoras da política de HIV/Aids e trabalhadoras dos serviços que ofertam a PEP sexual. Discutem-se os discursos que permeiam a PEP sexual, colocando em evidência tanto o direito ao seu acesso e ampliação de possibilidades preventivas quanto os discursos prescritivos que perpassam e constrangem a sua oferta. Conclui-se que é necessário qualificar o acesso à PEP sexual, afirmando-a como uma prática de liberdade.

ABSTRACT Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV is a biomedical technology, offered in cases of sexual violence and occupational accidents since the early 2000s, with its offer expanded to situations of consensual sexual relations after 2010. Despite being classified as biomedical, its offer and execution is mediated by relational technologies, permeated by socially constructed meanings. This study aimed to question the discourses produced on the offer of PEP among health workers. The research is inspired by Michel Foucault's genealogical perspective, based on the need to problematize power relations in the discourses and knowledge of health professionals who work with the implementation of PEP in a medium-sized city in the central region of Paraná. Twelve interviews were carried out with managers of the HIV/AIDS policy and workers in the services that offer PEP. The discourses about the PEP are discussed, highlighting both the right to access and expansion of preventive possibilities and the prescriptive discourses permeating and constraining its offer. In conclusion, it is pointed out the necessity to qualify the access to PEP, affirming it as a practice of freedom.

Barreiras de acesso à profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV: estudo de caso / Barreras de acceso a la profilaxis post exposición al VIH: estudio de caso / Barriers to access HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: a case study

Resumo Objetivo Explorar as barreiras de acesso à Profilaxia Pós-Exposição ao HIV percebidas por usuários e profissionais. Métodos Pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram profissionais médicos e enfermeiros envolvidos no protocolo da profilaxia em Centros de Referência e usuários da prevenção, totalizando 10 participantes, amostragem definida por saturação de dados. As entrevistas gravadas foram transcritas e posteriormente processadas pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e por análise de Similitude. Resultados Foram obtidas cinco classes: Informação; Centralização de acesso; Fluxo de atendimento; Relações interpessoais nos serviços de saúde e Dificuldades e Barreiras. Existem diversos fatores dificultadores no acesso à prevenção, que perpassam conhecimento, acolhimento e divulgação de informações. Diante do advento da Pandemia de COVID-19 muitos desses problemas se agravam e aumentam a vulnerabilidade de possiveis utilizadores da profilaxia. Conclusão O acesso à profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV encontra desafios e barreiras, que vão desde o desconhecimento sobre a profilaxia, o que impossibilita sua busca, à centralização dos serviços de saúde e estigmas que permeiam as estruturas dos serviços de saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Explorar las barreras de acceso a la Profilaxis Post Exposición al VIH percibidas por usuarios y profesionales. Métodos Investigación exploratoria con abordaje cualitativo. Los participantes de la investigación fueron profesionales médicos y enfermeros involucrados en el protocolo de profilaxis en Centros de Referencia y usuarios de la prevención, totalizando 10 participantes, muestreo definido por saturación de datos. Se transcribieron las entrevistas grabadas y posteriormente procesadas por la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente y por medio de análisis de Similitud. Resultados Se obtuvieron cinco clases: Información; Centralización de acceso; Flujo de atención; Relaciones interpersonales en los servicios de salud y Dificultades y Barreras. Hay diversos factores que dificultan el acceso a la prevención, que sobrepasan conocimiento, acogida y divulgación de informaciones. Ante el surgimiento de la Pandemia de COVID-19, muchos de esos problemas se agravan y aumentan la vulnerabilidad de posibles utilizadores de la profilaxis. Conclusión El acceso a la profilaxis post exposición al VIH encuentra desafíos y barreras, que van desde el desconocimiento sobre la profilaxis, lo que imposibilita su búsqueda, a la centralización de los servicios de salud y estigmas que permean las estructuras de los servicios de salud.

Abstract Objective To explore barriers to access HIV post-exposure prophylaxis perceived by users and professionals. Methods This is an exploratory, qualitative study. The research participants were medical professionals and nurses involved in the prophylaxis protocol in Reference Centers and prevention users, totaling 10 participants, a sample defined by data saturation. The recorded interviews were transcribed and later processed by the Descending Hierarchical Classification and by similitude analysis. Results Five classes were obtained: Information; Access centralization; Service flow; Interpersonal relationships in healthcare services; Difficulties and barriers. There are several factors that hinder access to prevention, which permeate knowledge, reception and dissemination of information. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of these problems are aggravated and increase the vulnerability of possible users of prophylaxis. Conclusion Access to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis faces challenges and barriers, ranging from lack of knowledge about prophylaxis, which makes it impossible to pursue it, to the centralization of healthcare services and stigmas that permeate the structures of healthcare services.

Uso de profilaxia pós-exposição para o HIV na população jovem: revisão integrativa / Use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in young people: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo identificar o uso da profilaxia pós-exposição para HIV na população jovem em contexto de comportamento sexual de risco. Métodos trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com busca nas bases LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SciELO e COCHRANE, utilizando os descritores principais: HIV, HIV Infections, Health Education, Technology e Post-Exposure Prophylaxis relacionados por meio dos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Resultados contemplaram a amostra final 16 estudos, implementados majoritariamente com homens que fazem sexo com homens. Os artigos foram classificados e analisados a partir das categorias: avaliação de conhecimento; barreiras/desafios para adesão à profilaxia pós-exposição; população usuária da profilaxia pós-exposição; e tecnologias educativas. Conclusão a não adesão esteve relacionada ao desconhecimento de informações básicas como indicação da profilaxia pós-exposição, local de fornecimento, posologia e efeitos colaterais. Contribuições para a prática: síntese do conhecimento sobre o uso da profilaxia pós-exposição por jovens. Além de incrementar pesquisas que versem sobre jovens em contexto de comportamento sexual de risco, principalmente, no âmbito da enfermagem, subsidia a elaboração de estratégias de educação em saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in young people in the context of sexual risk behavior. Methods this is an integrative review, with search in LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SciELO and COCHRANE, using the main descriptors: HIV, HIV Infections, Health Education, Technology and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis related through the Boolean operators AND and OR. Results the final sample included 16 studies, mostly implemented with men who have sex with men. The articles were classified and analyzed from the categories: knowledge assessment; barriers/challenges to adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis; population using post-exposure prophylaxis; and educational technologies. Conclusion non-adherence was related to the ignorance of basic information such as the indication of post-exposure prophylaxis, place of delivery, dosage, and side effects. Contributions to practice synthesis of knowledge about the use of post-exposure prophylaxis by young people. In addition to increasing research on young people in the context of risky sexual behavior, especially in the nursing field, it subsidizes the development of health education strategies.

Descrição das notificações de atendimento antirrábico humano para profilaxia pós-exposição no Brasil, 2014-2019 / Descripción de notificaciones de atención antirrábica humana para la profilaxis post-exposición en Brasil, 2014-2019 / Description of human anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis care notifications in Brazil, 2014-2019

Objetivo: Analisar os atendimentos antirrábicos humanos de profilaxia pós-exposição no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Resultados: Foram notificados 4.033.098 atendimentos antirrábicos, com média de 672.183 ao ano. Houve maior percentual de atendimentos em pessoas do sexo masculino (n = 2.111.369; 52,4%), menores de 19 anos de idade (n = 1.423.433; 35,3%), residentes em área urbana (n = 3.386.589; 88,1%), agredidas por cães (n = 3.281.190; 81,5%) e com mordeduras (n = 3.575.717; 81,9%), principalmente em mãos e pés (n = 1.541.201; 35,3%). A conduta profilática mais frequente foi observação e vacina (n = 1.736.036; 44,2%). A conduta profilática foi adequada em 57,8% (n = 2.169.689) e inadequada em 42,2% (n = 1.582.411) dos casos. Conclusão: Apesar das condutas profiláticas adequadas, foram observadas indicações inadequadas que, quando insuficientes, podem acarretar casos de raiva humana e, quando desnecessárias, desperdícios, inclusive desabastecimento de imunobiológicos.

Objetivo: Analizar la atención antirrábica humana de profilaxis post exposición en Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación en Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Resultados: Se notificaron 4.033.098 atendimientos antirrábicos, con un promedio de 672.183 al año. Hubo mayor porcentual de atención a personas del sexo masculino (n = 2.111.369; 52,4%), menores de 19 años (n = 1.423.433; 35,3%), residentes en área urbana (n = 3.386.589; 88,1%), agredidas por perros (n = 3.281.190; 81,5%) y con mordidas (n = 3.575.717; 81,9%), principalmente en las manos y pies (n = 1.541.201; 35,3%). La conducta profiláctica más frecuente fue la observación y vacuna (n = 1.736.036; 44,2%). La conducta profiláctica fue adecuada en 57,8% (n = 2.169.689) e inadecuada en 42,2% (n = 1.582.411) de los casos. Conclusión: A pesar de las conductas profilácticas adecuadas, se observaron indicaciones inadecuadas que, cuando insuficientes, pueden resultar en casos de rabia humana y, cuando desnecesarias, desperdicios, incluso desabastecimiento de inmunobiológicos.

Objective: To analyze human anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis notifications in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System in Brazil, from 2014 to 2019. Results: A total of 4,033,098 anti-rabies medical consultations were notified, averaging 672,183 a year. Percentage care was higher among males (n = 2,111,369; 52.4%), those under 19 years old (n = 1,423,433; 35.3%), living in urban areas (n = 3,386,589; 88.1%), attacked by dogs (n = 3,281,190; 81.5%) and bitten (n = 3,575,717; 81.9%), mainly on the hands and feet (n = 1,541,201; 35.3%). The most frequent prophylactic procedure was observation plus vaccination (n = 1,736,036; 44.2%). Prophylactic procedure was appropriate in 57.8% (n = 2,169,689) of cases and inappropriate in 42.2% (n = 1,582,411) of cases. Conclusion: Although there were appropriate prophylactic procedures, we also found procedures that were inappropriate and which, when insufficient, can result in cases of human rabies and, when unnecessary, can result in waste, including shortage of immunobiological products.